1 INTRODUCTION
Types of flow
Systems of units and fluid properties
Equations of incompressible fluid flow
Universality of loss coefficients
System loss coefficients
Kinetic energy distribution
2 ORIGINS OF PRESSURE LOSSES
Introduction
Turbulence
Adverse gradients
3 CALCULATION OF SYSTEM PRESSURE, FLOW OR SIZE
Introduction
Equations for losses
System calculation and pump or fan selection
Tolerance on calculated values
4 MANAGEMENT OF DESIGN OF FLOW SYSTEMS
Introduction
Performance and reliability
Inlet flow conditions
Operating conditions
Sealing
Flow design audits and reviews
Notes and references
5 INTERNAL FLOWS
Introduction
Straight pipes and passages
Straight wall diffusers
Turning flow
Interactions between bends
Combined turning and diffusing flow
Combining and dividing flow
Abrupt changes in area and direction
Laminar flow
6 CAVITATION
Introduction
Types of cavitation
Definitions
Cavitation performance of diffusers
Cavitation performance of bends
Cavitation at surface discontinuities
Cavitation in slots
Cavitation due to roughness
Sudden enlargements—orifices
Cavitation performance of sudden enlargements
Cavitation performance of long orifices
Cavitation performance of butterfly valves
Cavitation performance of globe valves
Cavitation performance of ball valves
High energy dissipation
Examples
Notes and references
7 COMPRESSIBLE FLOW
Introduction
Mach number and choking
Compressible flow relationships
Mach numbers encountered in internal flow
Choked flow
Coefficients of compressible flows
Calculation procedure
System calculations
Valves
Pressure relief and de pressuring system
Isothermal flow
Examples
Notes and references
PART II
Classification of loss coefficients in Part 2
8 FRICTION IN PIPES AND PASSAGES
Introduction
Pipes of circular cross-section
Non-circular cross-sections
Calculation of head, flow or pipe size
Laminar flow
Examples
Notes and references
9 TURNING FLOW —BENDS
Introduction
Circular cross-section bends of constant area
Rectangular cross-section bends of constant area
Single mitre bends
90° composite mitre bends
Variable area and variable radius ratio bends
180° annular bends
Vaned bends
Coils
Commercial bends
Laminar flow in bends
Example
Notes and references
10 CORRECTING FOR BEND—BEND INTERACTIONS
Introduction
Combinations of 90° bends
Combinations of two similar bends less than 90°
Combinations of non-circular cross-section bends
Combination of 90° vaned bends
Example
Notes and references
11 DIFFUSION — DIFFUSERS
Introduction
Standard diffusers
Annular diffusers with significant radial flow
Asymmetric diffusion
Curved wall diffusers
Circular to rectangular diffusing transitions
Design of diffusers lying above the optimum design line
Examples
Notes and references
12 COMBINED TURNING AND DIFFUSION FLOW
Introduction
Design recommendations for current diffusers
90° bend—spacer—diffuser combinations
Effect of bend radius ratio
Effect of bend angle
Effect of inlet boundary layer thickness
Effect of aspect ratio
Diffuser — spacer—bend combinations
Composite turning diffusers
Curved wall diffusers
Corrections for bend —diffuser —bend interactions
Notes and references
13 DIVIDING AND COMBINING FLOW
Introduction
Sharp-edged combining Ts
Effect of radii coefficients of combining Ts
Symmetrical combining junctions
Sharp-edged dividing Ts
Effect of radii on coefficients of dividing Ts
Improved performance of dividing Ts
Symmetrical dividing junctions
Junctions with more than three legs
Effects of cross-sectioned shape
T-junction interactions with bends
Loss coefficients for holes in pipe walls
Manifolds
Examples
Notes and references
14 MISCELLANEOUS SYSTEM COMPONENTS
Introduction
Orifices, screens and perforated plates
Differential flow meters
Inlets and contractions
Expansions and free discharge nozzles
Valves
Laminar flow
Notes and references